It was really good before estates rework. And english starting parliament was a boost at the time. And the government reform (before rework) was locked behind 20admin tech or formables like Westphalia. But with current nobility estate, providing +1 mil point per month, extra recruits, +2 dip relations and cheaper advisor it's simply not worth it.Oct 20, 2020 · This is my tier list on all monarchy and tribal government types in Europa Universalis. In this tier list we rate different government types to eachother and... Expanded royal court is very powerful until you finish the reform tree, after that I usually switch to decentralized bureaucracy. if you can have tribs then the reform that gives +1 mana from tribs is amazing. Otherwise the 2nd one (-min autonomy) followed by the 1st (-monthly autonomy) are the best. I mean if you want to go one culture than I ...Jun 20, 2023 ... ... gov cap you get per every click of the expand administration button, since that turns it into a reform progress stacking run instead ...A younger branch of Sufism whose heritage of psalms and prayers developed into rituals featuring music and dance. 50. 1. −1 local unrest. −0.05 monthly devastation. Move 2 towards Mysticism for every province in the state. All of the following must be true : One of the following : Primary culture is Andalusian.Hidious8911. The dutch republic is awful. It's a republic that cannot consistently get 6/6/6 rulers with a gimmick that it can get royal marriages, but the royal marriages cannot even get you a chance at a Personal Union because you have to be a monarchy to get a PU. They will give you better rulers than monarchies but it's still up to chance.R5: originally I wanted to switch to monarchy eventually to get better heir and the ability to disinherit. But I saw this reform and immediately abandoned that thought. You get to choose from 6 (?) different heir and you get to see their stats, compare with Ottoman's harem that only let you choose from 3. You can now consistently get good heir ...r/eu4. • 3 yr. ago. Wemorg. Is there a good guide on which government reforms to take? Question. Basicly I had a break from eu4 and still haven't really looked at the …Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis.Europa Universalis 4 Wiki Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 ... Taking the Livonian Path in the Mission tree allows you to get 1 of 15 very Unique Government Reforms. After completing the Mission "Reform the Government" you will start to get a …One reform would give a whopping +50% government reform progress, totally overcoming the penalty from level 1, as well as some other stuff (maybe some diplomatic bonus, like +1 diplomat. The second reform would only give +25% government reform progress, not wholly offsetting the penalty, but it would have a bonus to inner …Aug 13, 2013 ... Let's talk about government types in EU4. This video is part of a series of guides for Europa Universalis 4. These are best viewed from the ...Hey. Thanks for the guide. I've been doing a few attempts before reading your guide. I'm not doing much different, but I find the Venetian government to be absolutely amazing. The government reform that gives you +1 random bonus candidate gives me so many good rulers, and you always stay at high stability.Share. Sort by: Chad_is_admirable. •. Horde: Horde is undeniably the strongest possible form of government in the game - even better then revolutionary. You have nearly limitless mana and can easily do world conquest. Monarchy: Monarch has strong early reforms which is very helpful since you will be behind in reforms having come out of tribal.Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis.States General reform is not available to Ottomans due to the special government type that they have, locking them from various government reforms. 3. Caledoni. • 1 yr. ago. Likely a reform that changes your government type, I want to say states general, but I’m guessing as I’ve forgotten. 2.Financial reform news from around the Web: The 1,300-page financial reform bill before Congress contains plenty of controversial provisions. Here's a rundown of five issues…...The Religious Tolerance state edict available from government reform "Regional Councils" gives now -100% Local Religious Unity Contribution instead of 50%. The government reform "Maintain Balance of Power" now increases the All Estate Loyalty modifier by 10% instead of 5% and grants +1 Diplomat. Religion A quick guide on the different government reforms and why to pick them!If you enjoyed this video, please like, subscribe, or follow on Twitter and Facebook!F... Review and Outlook: Following 12 weeks of protests, Israel’s ruling coalition suspends consideration of its proposal to negotiate with the opposition. Images: AP/Getty Images Compo...Description. Governments Expanded elaborates on the Government mechanic introduced in the Dharma Update 1.26. Offering more than 275 New Historically Accurate Government Reforms as well as over 100 original events, the mod aims at living up to and surpassing Paradox Standards. Since the latest patch we have over 100 (126) new and unique ...Education is a fundamental pillar of any society, shaping the minds and futures of individuals. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on global education reform, with ... Almost like he was trying to RP the Soviet Union. R5: In the upcoming 1.30 'Austria' Patch/Emperor DLC which will be released on the 9th of June, Revolutions will get a big rework. As part of this, Revolutionary countries will get access to powerful, unique Government Reforms. Apr 25, 2024 · At least some were last verified for version 1.28. This page deals with commands used in the console. For the modding term, see effects. This page lists the codes which may be input into the Console Window, a special debugging window which may be accessed on non-ironman games by pressing ⇧Shift + 2, Alt + 2 + 1, ⇧Shift + 3, §, ~, ^, °, ² ... Government Reforms ~~ Tier 1 Reform (Power Structure) ~~ Every Pirate Republic has the same Tier 1 Government Reform which gives you: - The ability to raid coastlines Only inhibited by having a truce with the country you are attempting to raid or by coastal batteries - An insane buff to naval force limit ( +50% )By 1500, most of northern Italy should be owned by the Pope, you should control Naples, BI should have fired (in your favour). You should now have French Absolutist Monarchy Tier 1 government reform. Exploration should've been taken as first idea, and the second idea should be admin/religious/quantity.reform_progress_growth = 0.2 (ticking Reform progress for the government reforms) add_army_professionalism = 0.4 (add's army professionalism) ship_recruit_speed = -0.4 (This is for the recruit speed for ships; For some reason this ones unique as it's only for local but does not contain "local" in it.)- The government reform "Millennialist Theocracy" no longer grants Monarch Power per dev when converting a country. Instead, you will gain devotion per dev. Additionally, the gov reform now grants +1 Monthly Church Power, +0.25 Monthly Fervor, -25% Enforce Religion Cost, +10% Morale Damage and -2 Yearly Devotion.The experts on our February Trading Strategies roundtable talked about market uncertainty, tech earnings and the Fed's next move. So watch our video to figure out how to trade ...Main article: Polish missions. Poland's missions are focused on the integration of its vassals, developing the country, maintaining friendly relations with Lithuania, and the subjugation and conquest of its neighboring rivals: the Teutonic Order, the Ottomans and Russia. There are also missions to form PUs with Hungary and …If you have problems running eu4, the launcher or none of your mods work, have a look at my guide on how to fix common startup problems in version 1.29 ... both ships and land units and then using the console command "reformprogress 10000" and then getting the first seven government reforms and then letting the game run till the next …I even made Rome myself, but the Byzantine Monarchy / Reform Monarchy that exists now is a kind of prototype? It feels similar. It should be said that it gave a glimpse of how to patch in the future. I think 1.36 or later rework Byzantine missions will rework the government reform penalties and advantages. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about Paradox Interactive games and of the company proper. Some franchises and games of note: Stellaris, Europa Universalis, Imperator: Rome, Crusader Kings, Hearts of Iron, Victoria and Cities: Skylines. The issue is, none of the new main government reforms are locked reforms. So when you form them, you can simply switch away. When looking at the code - it seems that the Divine Empire is restricted …Personally I like theocracy the best. The late reforms are insanely powerful, letting you chiise form 5 rulers seeing their stats, and most especially -30% WS vs other religions. If you stack that with Malta/Mecca and take diplo ideas you can take absolutely huge amounts of land. I just had a game as a reformed Swabian theocracy where I took ...Europa Universalis 4 Wiki Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 ... Taking the Livonian Path in the Mission tree allows you to get 1 of 15 very Unique Government Reforms. After completing the Mission "Reform the Government" you will start to get a …The Religious Tolerance state edict available from government reform "Regional Councils" gives now -100% Local Religious Unity Contribution instead of 50%. The government reform "Maintain Balance of Power" now increases the All Estate Loyalty modifier by 10% instead of 5% and grants +1 Diplomat. ReligionHello. I've been playing Poland and I think it's time to think a bit more about my choice when it comes to government reforms. I'm content with my other choices (+15% manpower modifier, -0,05 autonomy, admin free policy, governing capacity), but …One reform would give a whopping +50% government reform progress, totally overcoming the penalty from level 1, as well as some other stuff (maybe some diplomatic bonus, like +1 diplomat. The second reform would only give +25% government reform progress, not wholly offsetting the penalty, but it would have a bonus to inner …Gives a government reform tier 1 that gives fixed dynasty (current) ruler title: Shogun +5 maximum absolutism +5% Nobility influence +15% National manpower modifier −5% Unjustified demands Option 2. Meritocratic Shogunate Gives a government reform tier 1 that gives upon ruler death a general becomes next ruler ruler title: Shogun …Seems good, one thing I've realized from playing around with mods every now and then is that the government reform side of the base EU4 is underutilized. I hope the trend of adding new gov. reforms (either mechanically impactful or incremental modifier) continues. Also, how exactly will the propagate religion work for Riga?Reform can refer to multiple aspects of the game.. The Reformed religion and their events; The event which starts the Protestant Reformation and creates the Protestant religion; The events which drive the Reformation and create the Reformed religion; The Reform desire which causes the events that lead to the reformation; Reforming the …shorter re-election every time. it costs 8 instead of 10 RT, and since you can get reelections sooner, it takes less time to develop a really good ruler, directly translating to more mana. also you get 50 random mana every reelection. if you can get plutocratic-diplomatic and plutocratic-economic policies, you can get +0.2 RT and -10% reelection cost, then -20% reelection cost from reforms ...A Tengri theocracy is a stable way to get 100% cavalry. Of course you might as well play a horde but a horde government is less stable if you just want to sit and have a relaxing game. 2. dude3333. • 4 yr. ago. Oh right also the one free policy reform is one free policy in each category not just a floating one. 1.Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis.Main article: Dutch Revolt. Historically, the seven provinces of the Low Countries revolted for their independence from Habsburg Spain in 1568 and formed the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. This is portrayed in EU4 as a disaster between the Protestant Reformation and 1650.It was really good before estates rework. And english starting parliament was a boost at the time. And the government reform (before rework) was locked behind 20admin tech or formables like Westphalia. But with current nobility estate, providing +1 mil point per month, extra recruits, +2 dip relations and cheaper advisor it's simply not worth it.At least some were last verified for version 1.28. This page deals with commands used in the console. For the modding term, see effects. This page lists the codes which may be input into the Console Window, a special debugging window which may be accessed on non-ironman games by pressing ⇧Shift + 2, Alt + 2 + 1, ⇧Shift + 3, §, ~, ^, °, ² ...My vassal Aragon with already 800 dev with cores all over Iberia, being integrated while I do reconquest. 🤣. Alhambra, Diplo, Admin, Quality, Influ, 230 regiments to keep them in check (i even released Berry after geting French absolutism monarchy to get French strong dutchies back). Year is 1566.Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis.Gives a government reform tier 1 that gives fixed dynasty (current) ruler title: Shogun +5 maximum absolutism +5% Nobility influence +15% National manpower modifier −5% Unjustified demands Option 2. Meritocratic Shogunate Gives a government reform tier 1 that gives upon ruler death a general becomes next ruler ruler title: Shogun …Aug 13, 2013 ... Let's talk about government types in EU4. This video is part of a series of guides for Europa Universalis 4. These are best viewed from the ...Jul 7, 2020 · One reform would give a whopping +50% government reform progress, totally overcoming the penalty from level 1, as well as some other stuff (maybe some diplomatic bonus, like +1 diplomat. The second reform would only give +25% government reform progress, not wholly offsetting the penalty, but it would have a bonus to inner unity, perhaps giving ... The reformprogress is a console command in Europa Universalis IV (EU4) that lets you add Government reform progress to your country. The default value it adds is 500, but you can specify a different number after the command to change how much progress you add. The government reform progress in EU4 is a mechanic tied to advancements of your ...My vassal Aragon with already 800 dev with cores all over Iberia, being integrated while I do reconquest. 🤣. Alhambra, Diplo, Admin, Quality, Influ, 230 regiments to keep them in check (i even released Berry after geting French absolutism monarchy to get French strong dutchies back). Year is 1566.Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis.Basicly I had a break from eu4 and still haven't really looked at the government reforms. While many look straight to the point, some I have to look twice to decide which to take. ... Stellaris, Europa Universalis, Imperator: Rome, Crusader Kings, Hearts of Iron, Victoria and Cities: Skylines. Members Online. Millennia - Official Release TrailerSince the latest update, Paradox have phenomenally implemented a ton of new government reform options. In your opinion, what is the best government reform, or is there one you you like best? I for one like the reform that gives you +0.2% yearly professionalism. It motivates me to not slacken and just build up my professionalism to …A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio. ... I wanted to check in on what the community's take on the plethora of new government reforms is, and what the best ones are. Honestly, I am pretty underwhelmed by most of the Military Tier reforms, most of ...Also here is the fix: A= Average Autonomy. Instead of; reform progress = (1000 / (12 * (100 - A) Use; reform progress = (1000 / (12 * (100 + A) This alters the range from 0.83 at 0% avg autonomy and 83.33 (!) at 99% avg autonomy to 0.83 at 0% avg autonomy and 0.42 at 99% avg autonomy. This makes the reform progress be proportionally slower (as ...Prussia is a powerful military state with strong morale, discipline and tradition; enough to ensure strong generals in commanding large armies, well-trained troops in aforementioned armies and good military rulers. If played correctly, Prussia can dominate Central Europe and the rest of the HRE. Prussia is considered one of the more …A Polynesian Kingdom is the form of government where a polynesian monarch manages to unite the usually compiting tribes under their rule and act as a united nation. Conditions: One of the following : starts with Tonga, Samoa, Hawai'i, Maui, O'ahu or Kaua'i. has completed the Polynesian mission Centralize the Realm.Do natives even have the ability to reform their governments anymore? Both with and without the conquest of paradise the decision existed and would allow the change from the tribal government types into oligarchies, but now it does not seem to be the case. Unless 1.27 brought about some changes specifically, then I have no idea how to civilize, …Beth Shalom Reform Synagogue is a vibrant and inclusive Jewish community that embraces a progressive approach to Judaism. With its rich history and commitment to social justice, th...Enjoy a commented list of every single new Tier 1 Government Reform in Patch 1.35 Domination.Which one of them would be your favorite?Mods: - Theatrum Orbis ...Social reform is a movement that seeks to change the social and political views of marginalized groups.Also here is the fix: A= Average Autonomy. Instead of; reform progress = (1000 / (12 * (100 - A) Use; reform progress = (1000 / (12 * (100 + A) This alters the range from 0.83 at 0% avg autonomy and 83.33 (!) at 99% avg autonomy to 0.83 at 0% avg autonomy and 0.42 at 99% avg autonomy. This makes the reform progress be proportionally slower (as ...The Ottomans in 1444 are a regional power, in the process of securing control over Anatolia and the Balkans. In the east, Ottoman control has been reimposed in the aftermath of the Timurid invasion, but several beyliks remain independent. These Beys jockey for a position between the expanding power of the Ottomans on one side, and …It was last verified for version 1.33. The first Second Lady and the second First Lady, Abigail Adams is the wife of John Adams, the first Vice President, and second President, of the United States. She is an erudite lady with an open mind and great intellect whose husband often seeks her advice on political matters and government.Gives a government reform tier 1 that gives fixed dynasty (current) ruler title: Shogun +5 maximum absolutism +5% Nobility influence +15% National manpower modifier −5% Unjustified demands Option 2. Meritocratic Shogunate Gives a government reform tier 1 that gives upon ruler death a general becomes next ruler ruler title: Shogun …Dec 16, 2023 · Our nation is undergoing sweeping reforms in terms of the economy and the administration of our country. However, such reforms do not come cheap and may cause a fair bit of resentment among the populace. has a parliament. has at least 2 inflation. the bi-yearly pulse . Go through with the reforms. loses 1 inflation. The Pony Express and Eventual Reform - The Pony Express was a system of mail delivery that had a shorter lifespan than one might think. Learn about the Pony Express and Pony Expres...Prussia is a powerful military state with strong morale, discipline and tradition; enough to ensure strong generals in commanding large armies, well-trained troops in aforementioned armies and good military rulers. If played correctly, Prussia can dominate Central Europe and the rest of the HRE. Prussia is considered one of the more …Tier 1: I like Autocracy more than Feudal Nobility because it saves up some diplo points from conquering unjustified demands. Tier 2: The tax reform can be very good with tax-heavy nations like France but I almost always prefer the 15% manpower. Tier 3: It really depends how fast you can unify your culture or become an empire and on paper +2 ...Hey. Thanks for the guide. I've been doing a few attempts before reading your guide. I'm not doing much different, but I find the Venetian government to be absolutely amazing. The government reform that gives you +1 random bonus candidate gives me so many good rulers, and you always stay at high stability.As for getting good income, manage your trade, you can dev push gold in Kazan. As Russia you are supposed to be swimming in money from production and trade, just build a manufactory in every one building slot province and in two slots prov build +% to production, upgrade trade centers and use trade edicts and build markets on trade centers. 2 ...Theocratic reforms: Actually pretty good options that still can’t prop up a seriously powercreeped government form. Tier 1 options are the most make or break with Clerical State (+5% Tax) and Monastic Order (Can make heirs/rulers generals, -20% Fort Maintenance, fixed Duchy rank).Hey. Thanks for the guide. I've been doing a few attempts before reading your guide. I'm not doing much different, but I find the Venetian government to be absolutely amazing. The government reform that gives you +1 random bonus candidate gives me so many good rulers, and you always stay at high stability.Nov 6, 2023 · Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis. Not sure about the best one, but other solid government reform tiers are (Supreme) Shogunate, Imperial Austrian Monarchy, Stadhouder Monarchy, Polish Autocratic Monarchy, Mamluk Government, Persian Government, Ottoman Government, and Revolutionary Empire. 55555tarfish. • 10 mo. ago. Great Mongol State. Steppe Nomads. Steppe Nomads. Steppe Nomads. Changing government forms and reform progress. I’m currently playing a game as the HRE in 1744 and I just had the revolution spawn. I want to go revolutionary, but I understand that changing government types resets government reforms. I only have 51 reform progress since I spent it all expanding administration.Highlights. The choice of Government Type in Europa Universalis 4 affects gameplay and objectives, with some governance systems being more advantageous. Native Tribes offer a fresh start but come ...Europa Universalis 4 Wiki Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter: ... Great Britain or Angevin Kingdom if they are a monarchy and have unlocked at least 6 government reforms and have a parliament, the "Strife between … The people question if we should divide the power in our nation, but the power is already divided. The true leader of our state is divine in nature, and their will is interpreted by our leader here on Earth. Constitutional Theocracy. −10 Years of separatism. The state exists for the sole purpose to serve the divine. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio. ... I wanted to check in on what the community's take on the plethora of new government reforms is, and what the best ones are. Honestly, I am pretty underwhelmed by most of the Military Tier reforms, most of ...
R5: In the upcoming 1.30 'Austria' Patch/Emperor DLC which will be released on the 9th of June, Revolutions will get a big rework. As part of this, Revolutionary countries will get …. Dartmouth rd deadline
Since now and then the question comes up which government reform to pick I want to give a small guide on how to decide which reform is the best to pick. This guide is based on my personal experience and preferences and is aimed mostly at newer players and those who just got the Dharma DLC. The unique reforms or ones locked behind certain criteria are usually better than the generic ones. See below for my usual picks of the generic reforms for monarchies. I'm not too familiar with the reforms for republics and theocracies. Feb 17, 2023 ... Today we embark on an adventure, not to the medieval or victorian age, but the paradox interactive web page where we look at the new patch ...1. 4 Share. Sort by: Search Comments. Owcomm. • 2 yr. ago. If you read it says "Lose 3 government reforms". 5. If I become a Republic through the last Government Reform as a Monarchy, I go from tier 7 to tier 4.Share. Sort by: Chad_is_admirable. •. Horde: Horde is undeniably the strongest possible form of government in the game - even better then revolutionary. You have nearly limitless mana and can easily do world conquest. Monarchy: Monarch has strong early reforms which is very helpful since you will be behind in reforms having come out of tribal.Nov 16, 2022 · This guide will go step by step through each tier for the government reforms for republics.I will point out what are the number 1 picks. There will be highli... Custom-made government reform not appearing in nation designer. Hello, I want to create a custom government or just mod a new government type, and so far I gave the government an ID and I put it into the government reform monarchy file, and I gave it an icon and some modifiers and mechanics and I have "valid_for_nation_designer = yes" …A quick guide on the different government reforms and why to pick them!If you enjoyed this video, please like, subscribe, or follow on Twitter and Facebook!F...The Oral Tradition government reform and Indigenous idea 3: The Great Law each provide a +25% Monthly reform progress modifier. This modifier also applies to regular reform progress if the tribe gains a bonus to Reform progress growth or reforms out of the Native Tribe government (reforming will lose the Oral Traditions government reform however).At least one of: Has enacted the “The Examination System” government reform; All of: Has at least 250 Government reform progress saved up; Has at least 3 government reforms; None of: Has enacted the “The Examination System” government reform; Has at least 45% crown land ownership; Stability is at least +3; Province Xi'an …I even made Rome myself, but the Byzantine Monarchy / Reform Monarchy that exists now is a kind of prototype? It feels similar. It should be said that it gave a glimpse of how to patch in the future. I think 1.36 or later rework Byzantine missions will rework the government reform penalties and advantages.Apr 11, 2023 ... ... eu4 #eu4ottomans #domination Paradox Interactive will release a new 1.35 patch and Dominations DLC next week on 18th of April! Check this ...Ambition: +10% Institution spread. The Teutonic Order is a theocracy situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea. Formed during the Third Crusade, the Teutonic Knights were at times based in Acre and, after the expulsion of the Crusaders from the Holy Land, in Hungarian-Transylvania, before finding renewed purpose in the Polish-backed ….